Artist’s impression of an encounter between an historical caiman and a terror chook
Julian Bayona Becerra
About 13 million years in the past in an unlimited South American wetland, colossal predators clashed. The fossilised bone from an infinite flightless chook present in Colombia exhibits tooth marks made by a large caiman.
Andrés Link on the College of the Andes in Colombia and his colleagues have been learning crocodile fossils in a museum assortment after they realised one of many bones didn’t match. It turned out to belong to a phorusrhacid chook – a bunch often known as the “terror birds”. These high predators had hatchet-shaped beaks and highly effective legs with sharp claws on their toes. The fossilised bone got here from the decrease leg of a 2.5-metre-tall species, presumably one of many largest kinds of terror chook but found.
However this predator could have met a grisly finish. The bone, initially found in Colombia’s Tatacoa desert area by native palaeontologist César Perdomo, was scarred with 4 deep divots: tooth marks.
Hyperlink and his staff needed to know what beast dared wrap its jaws round such an intimidating predator. So that they scanned the floor of the fossil to generate a digital mannequin of the tooth marks and in contrast them with the tooth of historical predators from the area. The offender seemingly wasn’t a mammal.
“There’s no proof of gnawing and the marks are rounded and in [a] line, extra just like these inflicted by crocodiles and caimans,” says Hyperlink.
The phobia chook lived at a time when northern South America was dominated by the Pebas system, an enormous community of wetlands interspersed with tropical forests and grasslands. The flooded ecosystem hosted an awesome variety of crocodilians, and the staff discovered a match for the tooth marks in one in every of them: a large caiman referred to as Purussaurus neivensis. Hyperlink estimates the reptile would have been about 4.5 metres lengthy.
“Terror birds have been undoubtedly on the high of the meals chain,” says Hyperlink. “However this proof exhibits us that they may additionally fall as prey of huge caimans when approaching massive water our bodies. Perhaps they went there to search for prey or [were] shifting throughout this advanced ecosystem.”
The staff notes they’ll’t rule out the chance the chook was already useless when the caiman discovered it, and the tooth marks are proof of scavenging. There are not any indicators of bone therapeutic across the tooth marks. So both approach, the chook didn’t survive the encounter.
“These sorts of [tooth] traces are extra widespread than individuals assume,” says Carolina Acosta Hospitaleche on the Nationwide College of La Plata in Argentina.
In a research printed final 12 months, she and a colleague described tooth marks on a a lot smaller and older terror chook fossil – roughly 43 million years outdated – from Argentina. The markings counsel an historical carnivorous marsupial consumed that chook. Since these traces have been additionally on the decrease leg, Hospitaleche wonders if that a part of the phobia chook physique was a susceptible place for predators to chomp and grip their prey.
“[Bite marks] present us with these wonderful little snapshots into life previously,” says Stephanie Drumheller on the College of Tennessee.
When learning historical environments, there’s a tendency to aim to exactly categorise extinct organisms inside explicit ecological roles, she says. Nevertheless, meals webs might be advanced.
“That is an animal that was residing within the water and doing issues within the water, that is an animal that was residing up on land and doing issues upon land, and by no means the 2 shall meet,” says Drumheller. “However after all, nature is all the time messier than our good, little, neat packing containers.”
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